Modulation of KCNH2 isoform expression by oligonucleotides as a therapeutic approach for long QT syndrome

ABSTRACT

Oligonucleotides with activity in preventing poly(A) adenylation at intron 9 of the KCNH2 gene, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the oligonucleotides and methods of using the oligonucleotides to treat long QT syndrome in a subject are disclosed. The oligonucleotides include antisense sequences corresponding to sites termed DSE-1 and DSE-2 in intron 9.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with the support of the United States governmentunder the terms of grant number 2R01 HL68854 awarded by the NationalInstitutes of Health. The United States government has certain rights inthis invention.

FIELD

Generally, the field is pharmaceutical compositions, more specifically;the field is pharmaceutical compositions comprising oligonucleotides.

BACKGROUND

KCNH2 or human ether-a-go-go-related gene 1 (hERG1) encodes the Kv11.1channel that conducts the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K⁺current (IKr) in the heart (Warmke J W and Ganetzky B, Proc Natl AcadSci USA 91, 3438-3442 (1994); Sanguinetti M C et al, Cell 81, 299-307(1995); Trudeau M C et al, Science 269, 92-95 (1995); and Zhou Z et al,Biophys J 74, 230-241 (1998); all of which are incorporated by referenceherein). Kv11.1 channels are essential for cardiac action potentialrepolarization and mutations in KCNH2 cause long QT syndrome type 2(LQT2) (Curran M E et al, Cell 80, 795-803 (1995); incorporated byreference herein). Alternative intronic polyadenylation has been shownto direct the expression of two Kv11.1 C-terminal isoforms, thefunctional Kv11.1a isoform and the non-functional Kv11.1a-USO isoform(Gong Q et al, J Biol Chem 285, 32233-32241 (2010); incorporated byreference herein). Kv11.1a is produced by splicing from exon 9 to exon10 and use of a distal poly(A) site in exon 15, whereas Kv11.1a-USO isgenerated by the activation of a proximal poly(A) site within intron 9.The last 359 amino acids of Kv11.1a are absent in Kv11.1a-USO and thetruncated isoform fails to form functional channels when expressed inmammalian cells (Kupersmidt S et al, J Biol Chem 273, 27231-27235(1998); incorporated by reference herein). A novel LQT2 mutation thatdisrupted the alternative processing of KCNH2 intron 9 and resulted inswitching the expression of Kv11.1 isoforms from Kv11.1a to Kv11.1a-USOwas reported (Gong Q et al, Circ Cardiovasc Genet 7, 482-490 (2014);incorporated by reference herein. Thus, the relative expression ofKv11.1a and Kv11.1a-USO isoforms plays an important role in theregulation of Kv11.1 channel function and the pathogenesis of LQT2.

The alternative processing of KCNH2 pre-mRNA is regulated by therelative efficiencies of RNA splicing and polyadenylation events. Theseevents depend on interactions between trans-acting splicing andpolyadenylation factors and cis-acting elements present in KCNH2. Thepoly(A) signal within KCNH2 intron 9 consists of a weak, noncanonicalhexamer, AGUAAA (Gong et al, 2010 supra). When this poly(A) signal ischanged to the strong, canonical poly(A) signal, AAUAAA, polyadenylationbecomes the dominant reaction, resulting in the predominant expressionof Kv11.1a-USO. The elimination of the intron 9 poly(A) signal by theAGUAAA to CGCAAA mutations results in predominant expression of Kv11.1aand an increase in channel current.

SUMMARY

A pharmaceutical composition that acts directly on the poly(A) intron 9signal of KCNH2 is necessary. One example of such a pharmaceuticalcomposition is an oligonucleotide in an antisense configuration relativeto downstream elements of the poly(A) intron 9 signal that facilitateformation of the poly(A) tail.

Disclosed herein are oligonucleotides that include a first sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 1 (5′-CAAAAC-3′) and a second sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2(5′-AACACA-3′). The first sequence is the antisense of a site termedDSE-1 herein. The second sequence is the antisense of a site termedDSE-2 herein. In some examples, the oligonucleotide includes both SEQ IDNO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2. In still further examples, the oligonucleotideis at least 19 nucleotides in length. In still further examples, theoligonucleotide includes a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3(5′-AACACAXXXXXXXXXCAAAAC-3′) wherein X is any nucleic acid. Inadditional examples, the oligonucleotide includes a sequence of SEQ IDNO: 4 (5′-AACACAGTAGTGAATCAAAAC-3′). In other examples, theoligonucleotide includes a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5(5′-CAGAACACAGTAGTGAATCAAAACC-3′). In more examples, the oligonucleotideconsists of a sequence that is exactly SEQ ID NO: 5 with no additionalsequence.

Additional modifications can be made to any of the disclosedoligonucleotides including the addition of a locked nucleotide, aG-clamp nucleotide, a nucleotide base analog, a 3′-terminal cap moiety,or a phosphate backbone modification. One example of such a modificationis the addition of a morpholino oligonucleotide. In still furtherexamples, all the nucleic acids in the oligonucleotide are morpholinooligonucleotides.

Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effectiveamount of the morpholino oligonucleotide of any of claims 1-9 and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. These pharmaceutical compositionscan be for use in treating long-QT syndrome caused by mutations in theKCNH2 gene.

Also disclosed are methods of treating long-QT syndrome caused bymutations in the KCNH2 gene. These methods involve administering to thesubject the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions to the subject,thereby treating the long-QT syndrome.

A fully enabling disclosure was made by the inventors in Gong et al, JMol Cell Cardiol 76, 26-32 (14 Aug. 2014) which is incorporated byreference herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a diagram of the KCNH2 minigene luciferase reporter constructdescribed herein and includes the sequence of downstream elements of theKCNH2 intron 9 poly(A) signal. Downstream element deletions andmutations are indicated.

FIG. 1B is a histogram showing the effect of downstream element deletionand mutations on luciferase activity (n=3-6).

FIG. 2A is a diagram of the structure of the short KCNH2 gene constructdescribed herein and includes the sequence of downstream elements of theKCNH2 intron 9 poly(A) signal. DSE-1 and DSE-2 mutations are indicated.

FIG. 2B is an image of a gel resulting from an RNAse protection assayanalysis of mRNA in Flp-In HEK293 cells stably expressing WT and DSEmutant short KCNH2 genes. Signals of Kv11.1 isoforms were quantified andshown as a percentage of the total signal (1a+1a-USO) (mean±SD, n=3).

FIG. 2C is an image of a membrane resulting from an immunoblot analysisof Kv11.1 protein expressed in cells expressing WT and DSE mutant shortKCNH2 genes. The expression level of hygromycin B phosphotransferase(HPH) encoded by hygromycin B resistant gene served as a loadingcontrol. Signals were quantified and shown as isoform percentage oftotal (1a+1a-USO) Kv11.1 protein (mean±SD, n=3).

FIG. 2D is a set of two plots showing representative currents recordedfrom cells stably expressing WT and Mut1+2 short KCNH2 genes.

FIG. 3A is a diagram of the tandem poly(A) signal construct and thesequence of a morpholino oligonucleotide that includes SEQ ID NO: 1.

FIG. 3B is an image of a gel resulting from RNAse protection assayanalysis of relative usage of intron 9 poly(A) signal and syntheticpoly(A) signal following the treatment with invert or antisense MO.

FIG. 3C is a histogram quantifying results of RNAse protection assays asdescribed in FIG. 3B (mean±SD, n=3).

FIG. 4A is an image of a gel resulting from an RNAse protection assayshowing the effect of the antisense morpholino oligonucleotidecomprising SEQ ID NO: 1 on Kv11.1 isoform expression. Signals werequantified and shown as an isoform percentage of the total signal(1a+1a-USO, mean±SD, n=3).

FIG. 4B is an image of an immunoblot analysis showing the concentrationdependence of antisense morpholino oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:1 on protein expression of Kv11.1 isoforms. Signals were quantified andshown as an isoform percentage of total (1a+1a-USO) Kv11.1 protein(mean±SD, n=3).

FIG. 4C is an image of an immunoblot showing the effect of treatmentwith antisense morpholino oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 onexpression of Kv11.1 isoforms for the indicated amounts of time. Signalswere quantified and shown as an isoform percentage of total (1a+1a-USO)Kv11.1 protein (mean±SD, n=3).

FIG. 5A is a set of two plots showing representative currents recordedfrom Flp-In HEK293 cells stably expressing short KCNH2 gene followingtreatment with 10 μM negative control or antisense morpholinooligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 for 48 h.

FIG. 5B is an I-V plot of tail current density measured at −50 mVfollowing test voltages from −3 70 to +50 mV for negative control (▪)and antisense morpholino oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 (●).

FIG. 5C is a plot of the activation curves for negative control (▪) andantisense morpholino oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 (●).

FIG. 6A is an image of a gel resulting from an RNAse protection assayusing mRNA from cells stably expressing the short KCNH2 gene containingthe canonical poly(A) signal following treatment with 10 μM negativecontrol or antisense morpholino oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.Signals were quantified and shown as an isoform percentage of the totalsignal (1a+1a-USO, n=3).

FIG. 6B is an image of an immunoblot analysis showing treatment withantisense morpholino oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 at theindicated concentrations. Signals were quantified and shown as anisoform percentage of total (1a+1a-USO) Kv11.1 protein (mean±SD, n=3).

FIG. 6C is a set of two plots showing representative currents recordedfrom Flp-In HEK293 cells stably expressing short KCNH2 gene containingthe canonical poly(A) signal following treatment with 10 μM negativecontrol or antisense morpholino oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1for 48 h.

SEQUENCE LISTING

-   -   SEQ ID NO: 1 is a sequence that blocks the DSE-1 site of intron        9 of human KCNH2 5′-CAAAAC-3′    -   SEQ ID NO: 2 is a sequence that blocks the DSE-2 site of intron        9 of human KCNH2 5′-AACACA-3′    -   SEQ ID NO: 3 is the sequence of an oligonucleotide that blocks        both DSE-1 and DSE-2 5′-AACACAXXXXXXXXXCAAAAC-3′    -   SEQ ID NO: 4 is the sequence of an oligonucleotide that blocks        both DSE-1 and DSE-2 5′-AACACAGTAGTGAATCAAAAC-3′    -   SEQ ID NO: 5 is the sequence of an oligonucleotide that blocks        DSE-1 and DSE-2 of the KCNH2 gene and includes intervening        sequence. 5′-CAGAACACAGTAGTGAATCAAAACC-3′. It is also called        Antisense MO or Anti MO herein.    -   SEQ ID NO: 6 is the sequence of an inverted morpholino        oligonucleotide that acts as a negative control.        5′-CCAAAACTAAGTGATGACACCAAGAC-3′. It is also called Invert MO or        Inv MO herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Terms

Unless otherwise explained, all technical and scientific terms usedherein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The singular terms“a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearlyindicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include“and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It is further tobe understood that all base sizes or amino acid sizes, and all molecularweight or molecular mass values, given for nucleic acids or polypeptidesare approximate, and are provided for description. Although methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of this disclosure, suitable methods andmaterials are described below. The term “comprises” means “includes.” Inaddition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only andnot intended to be limiting.

Administration: To provide or give a subject an agent, such as acomposition comprising therapeutic oligonucleotides by any effectiveroute. Exemplary routes of administration include, but are not limitedto, injection (such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal,intraperitoneal, and intravenous), oral, sublingual, rectal,transdermal, intranasal, vaginal and inhalation routes. Binding orstable binding: An association between two substances or molecules, suchas the association between an antisense nucleic acid to a sense nucleicacid. Binding can be detected by any procedure known to one skilled inthe art, such as by physical or functional properties. For example,binding can be detected functionally by determining whether binding hasan observable effect upon a biosynthetic process such as expression of agene, DNA replication, transcription, translation, protein activity, andthe like.

Contacting: Placement in direct physical association, includingcontacting of a solid with a solid, a liquid with a liquid, a liquidwith a solid, or either a liquid or a solid with a cell or tissue,whether in vitro or in vivo. Contacting can occur in vitro with isolatedcells or tissue or in vivo by administering to a subject.

Effective amount: An amount of agent, such as an antisenseoligonucleotide that is sufficient to generate a desired response, suchas reducing or eliminating a sign or symptom of a condition or disease,such as long-QT syndrome. In some examples, an “effective amount” is onethat treats (including prophylaxis) one or more symptoms and/orunderlying causes of any of a disorder or disease, for example long-QTsyndrome. An effective amount can be a therapeutically effective amount,including an amount that prevents one or more signs or symptoms of aparticular disease or condition from developing, such as one or moresigns or symptoms associated with long-QT syndrome.

Inhibiting or treating a disease: Inhibiting the full development of adisease or condition, for example, in a subject who has or who is atrisk for a disease such as long-QT syndrome. “Treatment” refers to anytherapeutic intervention that ameliorates a sign or symptom of a diseaseor pathological condition. The term “ameliorating,” with reference to adisease or pathological condition, refers to any observable beneficialeffect of the treatment. The beneficial effect can be evidenced, forexample, by a delayed onset of clinical symptoms of the disease in asusceptible subject, a reduction in severity of some or all clinicalsymptoms of the disease, a slower progression of the disease, areduction in the number of metastases, an improvement in the overallhealth or well-being of the subject, or by other clinical orphysiological parameters associated with a particular disease. A“prophylactic” treatment is a treatment administered to a subject whodoes not exhibit signs of a disease or exhibits only early signs for thepurpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology. A “therapeutic”treatment is a treatment administered after the development ofsignificant signs or symptoms of the disease.

Long QT Syndrome: Long QT Syndrome is a heart rhythm disorder that canpotentially cause fast, chaotic heartbeats that can trigger fainting orseizures. Long QT can arise as the result of one or more genomicmutations including mutations in the KCNH2 gene.

Mutation: A mutation is any difference in a nucleic acid or polypeptidesequence from a normal, consensus or “wild type” sequence. A mutant isany protein or nucleic acid sequence comprising a mutation. In additiona cell or an organism with a mutation may also be referred to as amutant.

Some types of mutations include point mutations (differences inindividual nucleotides or amino acids); silent mutations (differences innucleotides that do not result in an amino acid changes); deletions(differences in which one or more nucleotides or amino acids aremissing); frameshift mutations (differences in which deletion of anumber of nucleotides indivisible by 3 results in an alteration of theamino acid sequence.

Sequence identity/similarity: The identity/similarity between two ormore nucleic acid sequences, or two or more amino acid sequences, isexpressed in terms of the identity or similarity between the sequences.Sequence identity can be measured in terms of percentage identity; thehigher the percentage, the more identical the sequences are. Sequencesimilarity can be measured in terms of percentage similarity (whichtakes into account conservative amino acid substitutions); the higherthe percentage, the more similar the sequences are.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in theart. Various programs and alignment algorithms are described in: Smith &Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, 1981; Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol.Biol. 48:443, 1970; Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA85:2444, 1988; Higgins & Sharp, Gene, 73:237-44, 1988; Higgins & Sharp,CABIOS 5:151-3, 1989; Corpet et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 16:10881-90, 1988;Huang et al. Computer Appls. In the Biosciences 8, 155-65, 1992; andPearson et al., Meth. Mol. Bio. 24:307-31, 1994. Altschul et al., J.Mol. Biol. 215:403-10, 1990, presents a detailed consideration ofsequence alignment methods and homology calculations.

The NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al., J.Mol. Biol. 215:403-10, 1990) is available from several sources,including the National Center for Biological Information (NCBI, NationalLibrary of Medicine, Building 38A, Room 8N805, Bethesda, Md. 20894) andon the Internet, for use in connection with the sequence analysisprograms blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx. Additionalinformation can be found at the NCBI web site. BLASTN is used to comparenucleic acid sequences, while BLASTP is used to compare amino acidsequences. If the two compared sequences share homology, then thedesignated output file will present those regions of homology as alignedsequences. If the two compared sequences do not share homology, then thedesignated output file will not present aligned sequences.

Once aligned, the number of matches is determined by counting the numberof positions where an identical nucleotide or amino acid residue ispresented in both sequences. The percent sequence identity is determinedby dividing the number of matches either by the length of the sequenceset forth in the identified sequence, or by an articulated length (suchas 100 consecutive nucleotides or amino acid residues from a sequenceset forth in an identified sequence), followed by multiplying theresulting value by 100. For example, a nucleic acid sequence that has1166 matches when aligned with a test sequence having 1154 nucleotidesis 75.0 percent identical to the test sequence (1166÷1554*100=75.0). Thepercent sequence identity value is rounded to the nearest tenth. Forexample, 75.11, 75.12, 75.13, and 75.14 are rounded down to 75.1, while75.15, 75.16, 75.17, 75.18, and 75.19 are rounded up to 75.2. The lengthvalue will always be an integer. In another example, a target sequencecontaining a 20-nucleotide region that aligns with 20 consecutivenucleotides from an identified sequence as follows contains a regionthat shares 75 percent sequence identity to that identified sequence(that is, 15÷20*100=75).

Subject: A living multicellular vertebrate organism, a category thatincludes, for example, mammals and birds. A “mammal” includes both humanand non-human mammals, such as mice. In some examples, a subject is apatient, such as a patient diagnosed with long-QT syndrome.

Oligonucleotides

An oligonucleotide may be chemically synthesized. Synthesis of a singlestranded nucleic acid makes use of common nucleic acid protecting andcoupling groups, such as dimethoxytrityl at the 5′-end andphosphoramidites at the 3′-end. As a non-limiting example, small scalesyntheses can be conducted on an Applied Biosystems synthesizer using a0.2 micromolar scale protocol with a 2.5 min coupling step for2T-0-methylated nucleotides. Alternatively, syntheses at the 0.2micromolar scale can be performed on a 96-well plate synthesizer fromProtogene. However, a larger or smaller scale of synthesis isencompassed by the invention, including any method of synthesis nowknown or yet to be disclosed. Suitable reagents for synthesis of theoligonucleotides disclosed herein are known to those of skill in theart.

A single stranded oligonucleotide can comprise a modified nucleotide.Examples of modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to,nucleotides having a 2′-O-methyl (2′OMe), 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro (2′F),2′-deoxy, 5-C-methyl, 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (MOE), 4′-thio, 2′-amino, or2′-C-allyl group. Modified nucleotides having a conformation such asthose described in, for example in Sanger, Principles of Nucleic AcidStructure, Springer-Verlag Ed. (1984), are also suitable for use inoligonucleotides. Other modified nucleotides include, withoutlimitation: locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotides, G-clamp nucleotides,or nucleotide base analogs. LNA nucleotides include but need not belimited to 2′-O, 4′-C-methylene-(D-ribofuranosyl)nucleotides),2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (MOE) nucleotides, 2′-methyl-thio-ethylnucleotides, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro (2′F) nucleotides, 2′-deoxy-2′-chloro(2Cl) nucleotides, and 2′-azido nucleotides. A G-clamp nucleotide refersto a modified cytosine analog wherein the modifications confer theability to hydrogen bond both Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen faces of acomplementary guanine nucleotide within a duplex (Lin et al, J Am ChemSoc, 120, 8531-8532 (1998)). Nucleotide base analogs include forexample, C-phenyl, C-naphthyl, other aromatic derivatives, inosine,azole carboxamides, and nitroazole derivatives such as 3-nitropyrrole,4-nitroindole, 5-nitroindole, and 6-nitroindole (Loakes, Nucl Acids Res,29, 2437-2447 (2001)).

An oligonucleotide may comprise one or more chemical modifications suchas terminal cap moieties, phosphate backbone modifications, and thelike. Examples of classes of terminal cap moieties include, withoutlimitation, inverted deoxy abasic residues, glyceryl modifications, 4′,5′-methylene nucleotides, 1-(β-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotides, 4′-thionucleotides, carbocyclic nucleotides, 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotides,L-nucleotides, -60 -nucleotides, modified base nucleotides, threopentofuranosyl nucleotides, acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotides, acyclic3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotides, acyclic 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotides,3′-3′-inverted nucleotide moieties, 3′-3′-inverted abasic moieties,3′-2′-inverted nucleotide moieties, 3′-2′-inverted abasic moieties,5′-5′-inverted nucleotide moieties, 5′-5′-inverted abasic moieties,3′-5′-inverted deoxy abasic moieties, 5′-amino-alkyl phosphate,1,3-diamino-2-propyl phosphate, 3-aminopropyl phosphate, 6-aminohexylphosphate, 1,2-aminododecyl phosphate, hydroxypropyl phosphate,1,4-butanediol phosphate, 3′-phosphoramidate, 5′ phosphoramidate,hexylphosphate, aminohexyl phosphate, 3′-phosphate, 5′-amino,3′-phosphorothioate, 5′-phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, andbridging or nonbridging methylphosphonate or 5′-mercapto moieties (see,e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,203; Beaucage et al, Tetrahedron 49, 1925(1993)).

Non-limiting examples of phosphate backbone modifications (i.e.,resulting in modified internucleotide linkages) includephosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphonate,phosphotriester, morpholino, amidate, carbamate, carboxymethyl,acetamidate, polyamide, sulfonate, sulfonamide, sulfamate, formacetal,thioformacetal, peptide nucleic acid, and alkylsilyl substitutions (see,e.g., Hunziker et al, Modern Synthetic Methods, VCH, 331-417 (1995);Mesmaeker et al, Antisense Research, ACS, 24-39 (1994); Bennett C F andSwayze E E, Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50, 259-293 (2010); incorporatedby reference herein). Additional examples of modified nucleotides andtypes of chemical modifications that can be introduced into the modifiedoligonucleotides of the present invention are described, e.g., in UKPatent No. GB 2,397,818 B and U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20040192626and 20050282188.

An oligonucleotide can comprise one or more non-nucleotides. Anon-nucleotide may be any subunit, functional group, or other molecularentity capable of being incorporated into a nucleic acid chain in theplace of one or more nucleotide units that is not or does not comprise acommonly recognized nucleotide base such as adenosine, guanine,cytosine, uracil, or thymine, such as a sugar or phosphate.

Chemical modification of the oligonucleotide may also comprise attachinga conjugate to the oligonucleotide molecule. The conjugate can beattached at the 5′-and/or the 3′-end of an oligonucleotide via acovalent attachment such as a nucleic acid or non-nucleic acid linker.The conjugate can also be attached to the oligonucleotide through acarbamate group or other linking group (see, e.g., U.S. PatentPublication Nos. 20050074771, 20050043219, and 20050158727). A conjugatemay be added to the oligonucleotide for any of a number of purposes. Forexample, the conjugate may be a molecular entity that facilitates thedelivery of the oligonucleotide into a cell or the conjugate a moleculethat comprises a drug or label.

Examples of conjugate molecules suitable for attachment to the disclosedoligonucleotides include, without limitation, steroids such ascholesterol, glycols such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), human serumalbumin (HSA), fatty acids, carotenoids, terpenes, bile acids, folates(e.g., folic acid, folate analogs and derivatives thereof), sugars(e.g., galactose, galactosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, glucose,mannose, fructose, fucose, etc.), phospholipids, peptides, ligands forcellular receptors capable of mediating cellular uptake, andcombinations thereof (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication Nos.20030130186, 20040110296, and 20040249178; U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,423).Other examples include the lipophilic moiety, vitamin, polymer, peptide,protein, nucleic acid, small molecule, oligosaccharide, carbohydratecluster, intercalator, minor groove binder, cleaving agent, andcross-linking agent conjugate molecules described in U.S. PatentPublication Nos. 20050119470 and 20050107325. Other examples include the2′-O-alkyl amine, 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl amine, polyamine, C5-cationicmodified pyrimidine, cationic peptide, guanidinium group, amidininiumgroup, cationic amino acid conjugate molecules described in U.S. PatentPublication No. 20050153337. Additional examples of conjugate moleculesinclude a hydrophobic group, a membrane active compound, a cellpenetrating compound, a cell targeting signal, an interaction modifier,or a steric stabilizer as described in U.S. Patent Publication No.20040167090. Further examples include the conjugate molecules describedin U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050239739.

The type of conjugate used and the extent of conjugation to theoligonucleotide can be evaluated for improved pharmacokinetic profiles,bioavailability, and/or stability of the oligonucleotide while retainingactivity. As such, one skilled in the art in light of this disclosurecan screen oligonucleotides having various conjugates attached theretoto identify oligonucleotide conjugates having improved properties usingany of a variety of well-known in vitro cell culture or in vivo animalmodels, such as for long-QT syndrome caused by mutations in the KCNH2gene.

Morpholino Oligonucleotides

A morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) is a polymeric molecule having abackbone which supports bases capable of hydrogen bonding to typicalpolynucleotides, wherein the polymer lacks a pentose sugar backbonemoiety, and more specifically a ribose backbone linked by phosphodiesterbonds which is typical of nucleotides and nucleosides. The morpholinooligonucleotide instead contains a ring nitrogen with coupling throughthe ring nitrogen.

Morpholino oligonucleotides are structures from 12 to 25 nucleotides,including a targeting base sequence that is complementary to a targetregion of a selected preprocessed mRNA such as preprocessed intron 9 ofKCNH2. The morpholino antisense oligonucleotide inhibits formation of apoly(A) signal at a site within intron 9 and thereby results in theproper processing of the mRNA to form KCNH2 protein.

The antisense compound employed in the present invention is one thatdoes not activate RNase H. RNase-H active oligomers, of whichphosphorothioate oligonucleotides are the most prominent example,operate primarily by a mechanism in which the target mRNA is cleaved.RNase-incompetent oligomers, on the other hand, are believed to act by asteric blocking mechanism. Such compounds include morpholinooligonucleotides, PNA's (peptide nucleic acids), methylphosphonates, and2′-O-alkyl or -allyl modified oligonucleotides, all of which are knownin the art. The morpholino oligonucleotides are composed of morpholinosubunits of the form shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,685, 5,217,866,5,142,047, 5,034,506, 5,166,315, 5,521,063, and 5,506,337. Thesynthesis, structures, and binding characteristics of morpholinooligonucleotides are detailed in these patents so that one of skill inthe art in light of this disclosure can create the morpholinooligonucleotides with the sequences disclosed herein.

In a morpholino oligonucleotide, (i) the morpholino groups are linkedtogether by uncharged phosphorus-containing linkages, one to three atomslong, joining the morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to the 5′ exocycliccarbon of an adjacent subunit, and (ii) the base attached to themorpholino group is a purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety effectiveto bind, by base-specific hydrogen bonding, to a base in apolynucleotide. The purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety istypically adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil or thymine. Preparation ofsuch oligomers is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,444(Summerton and Weller, 1993), which is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety. As shown in the reference, several types of nonioniclinkages may be used to construct a morpholino backbone.

Such morpholino oligonucleotides have shown high binding affinity forRNA targets, and the uncharged backbone favors uptake into cells andreduces non-specific binding interactions, relative to charged analogssuch as phosphorothioates. They have been shown to provide significantlyimproved activity and selectivity in inhibiting translation of targetedsequences in comparison to phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. See, forexample, Summerton et al., Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 7, 63-70,(1997). The morpholino oligonucleotides have very high nucleaseresistance and good water solubility, making them good candidates for invivo use.

The solubility of the morpholino oligonucleotides, and the ability ofthe compound to resist precipitation on storage in solution, can befurther enhanced by derivatizing the oligomer with a solubilizingmoiety, such as a hydrophilic oligomer, or a charged moiety, such as acharged amino acid or organic acid. The moiety may be any biocompatiblehydrophilic or charged moiety that can be coupled to the antisensecompound and that does not interfere with compound binding to the targetsequence. The moiety can be chemically attached to the antisensecompound, e.g., at its 5′ end, by well-known derivatization methods. Onepreferred moiety is a defined length oligo ethylene glycol moiety, suchas triethyleneglycol, coupled covalently to the 5′ end of the antisensecompound through a carbonate linkage, via a piperazine linking groupforming a carbamate linkage with triethyleneglycol, where the secondpiperazine nitrogen is coupled to the 5′-end phosphorodiamidate linkageof the antisense. Alternatively, or in addition, the compound may bedesigned to include one a small number of charged backbone linkages,such as a phosphodiester linkage.

The compound is designed to hybridize to the target sequence underphysiological conditions with a T_(m) substantially greater than 37° C.,e.g., at least 50° C. and preferably 60° C.-80° C. Although the compoundmay not be necessarily 100% complementary to the target sequence, solong as it is effective to stably and specifically bind to the targetsequence such that formation of a poly(A) at intron 9 is inhibited. Theappropriate length of the oligomer to allow stable, effective bindingcombined with good specificity is about 8 to 40 nucleotide base units,and preferably about 12-25 base units. Mismatches, if present, are lessdestabilizing toward the end regions of the hybrid duplex than in themiddle. Oligomer bases that allow degenerate base pairing with targetbases are also contemplated, assuming base-pair specificity with thetarget and inhibition of poly(A) formation at intron 9 is maintained.

Because morpholino oligonucleotides have bases that are analogs of thoseof nucleic acids, a description of a morpholino oligonucleotide ashaving a particular sequence (or a homolog thereof) is a recitation ofthe structure of the morpholino oligonucleotide.

Chemical modification of the morpholino oligonucleotide can involveattaching a conjugate to the morpholino oligonucleotide. The conjugatecan be attached at the 5′- and/or the 3′-end of the sense and/or theantisense strand of the oligonucleotide via a covalent attachment suchas a nucleic acid or non-nucleic acid linker. The conjugate can also beattached to the morpholino oligonucleotide through a carbamate group orother linking group (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication Nos.20050074771, 20050043219, and 20050158727). A conjugate can be added tothe morpholino oligonucleotide for any of a number of purposes. Forexample, the conjugate may be a molecular entity that facilitates thedelivery of the morpholino oligonucleotide into a cell or the conjugatea molecule that comprises a drug or label.

Examples of conjugate molecules suitable for attachment to a morpholinooligonucleotide include, without limitation, steroids such ascholesterol, glycols such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), human serumalbumin (HSA), fatty acids, carotenoids, terpenes, bile acids, folates(e.g., folic acid, folate analogs and derivatives thereof), sugars(e.g., galactose, galactosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, glucose,mannose, fructose, fucose, etc.), phospholipids, peptides, ligands forcellular receptors capable of mediating cellular uptake, andcombinations thereof (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication Nos.20030130186, 20040110296, and 20040249178; U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,423).Other examples include the lipophilic moiety, vitamin, polymer, peptide,protein, nucleic acid, small molecule, oligosaccharide, carbohydratecluster, intercalator, minor groove binder, cleaving agent, andcross-linking agent conjugate molecules described in U.S. PatentPublication Nos. 20050119470 and 20050107325. Other examples include the2′-O-alkyl amine, 2′-O-alkoxyalkyl amine, polyamine, C5-cationicmodified pyrimidine, cationic peptide, guanidinium group, amidininiumgroup, cationic amino acid conjugate molecules described in U.S. PatentPublication No. 20050153337. Additional examples of conjugate moleculesinclude a hydrophobic group, a membrane active compound, a cellpenetrating compound, a cell targeting signal, an interaction modifier,or a steric stabilizer as described in U.S. Patent Publication No.20040167090. Further examples include the conjugate molecules describedin U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050239739.

The type of conjugate used and the extent of conjugation to themorpholino oligonucleotide can be evaluated for improved pharmacokineticprofiles, bioavailability, and/or stability of the morpholinooligonucleotide while retaining activity. As such, one skilled in theart can screen oligonucleotides having various conjugates attachedthereto to identify oligonucleotide conjugates having improvedproperties using any of a variety of well-known in vitro cell culture orin vivo animal models.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

A pharmaceutical composition may be any chemical compound or compositioncapable of inducing a desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect whenproperly administered to a subject. A pharmaceutical composition caninclude a therapeutic agent, a diagnostic agent or a pharmaceuticalagent. A therapeutic agent is one that alone or together with one ormore additional compounds induces the desired response (such as inducinga therapeutic effect when administered to a subject). In a particularexample, a pharmaceutical agent is an agent that significantly reducesone or more symptoms associated with long-QT syndrome. One example is apharmaceutical composition comprising an oligonucleotide comprising asequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 that issufficient to block formation of a poly(A) signal in intron 9 of KCNH2.

A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (interchangeably termed a vehicle)can be any material or molecular entity that facilitates theadministration or other delivery of the morpholino oligonucleotidesdescribed herein. In general, the nature of the carrier will depend onthe particular mode of administration being employed. For instance,parenteral formulations usually comprise injectable fluids that includepharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable fluids such as water,physiological saline, balanced salt solutions, aqueous dextrose,glycerol or the like as a vehicle. In a particular embodiment thecarrier is one that allows trafficking of the morpholino oligonucleotideto the heart or one that allows the morpholino oligonucleotide to betaken up by the heart.

An effective amount or concentration of a compound may be any amount ofa composition that alone, or together with one or more additionaltherapeutic agents is sufficient to achieve a desired effect in asubject, or in a cell being treated with the agent. The effective amountof the agent will be dependent on several factors, including, but notlimited to, the subject or cells being treated and the manner ofadministration of the therapeutic composition. In one example, aneffective amount or concentration is one that is sufficient to preventadvancement, delay progression, or to cause regression of a disease, orwhich is capable of reducing symptoms caused by any disease, includinglong-QT syndrome. In one example, a desired effect is to reduce orinhibit one or more symptoms associated with long-QT syndrome. The oneor more symptoms do not have to be completely eliminated for thecomposition to be effective. For example, a composition can decrease thesign or symptom by a desired amount, for example by at least 20%, atleast 50%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, oreven at least 100%, as compared to the sign or symptom in the absence ofthe composition. A therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition can be administered in a single dose, or in several doses,for example daily, during a course of treatment. However, thetherapeutically effective amount can depend on the subject beingtreated, the severity and type of the condition being treated, and themanner of administration. For example, an effective amount of such agentcan vary from about 100 μg -10 mg per kg body weight if administeredintravenously.

The actual dosages will vary according to factors such as the particularstatus of the subject (for example, the subject's age, size, fitness,extent of symptoms, susceptibility factors, and the like) time and routeof administration, other drugs or treatments being administeredconcurrently, as well as the specific pharmacology of treatments forlong-QT syndrome for eliciting the desired activity or biologicalresponse in the subject. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide anoptimum prophylactic or therapeutic response.

An effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental sideeffects of the compound and/or other biologically active agent isoutweighed in clinical terms by therapeutically beneficial effects. Anon-limiting range for a therapeutically effective amount of treatmentsfor long-QT syndrome within the methods and formulations of thedisclosure is about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg bodyweight per dose, such as about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight to about 0.001μg/kg body weight per dose, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight to about 0.01μg/kg body weight per dose, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight to about 0.1μg/kg body weight per dose, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight to about 10μg/kg body weight per dose, about 1 μg/kg body weight to about 100 μg/kgbody weight per dose, about 100 μg/kg body weight to about 500 μg/kgbody weight per dose, about 500 μg/kg body weight per dose to about 1000μg/kg body weight per dose, or about 1.0 mg/kg body weight to about 10mg/kg body weight per dose.

The effective amount can be selected based on the mode of delivery, forexample, trans-epidermal, rectal, oral, pulmonary, intranasal delivery,intravenous or subcutaneous delivery.

Determination of effective amount is typically based on animal modelstudies followed up by human clinical trials and is guided byadministration protocols that significantly reduce the occurrence orseverity of targeted disease symptoms or conditions in the subject.Suitable models in this regard include, for example, murine, rat,porcine, feline, non-human primate, and other accepted animal modelsubjects known in the art. Alternatively, effective dosages can bedetermined using in vitro models (for example, mouse models of long-QTsyndrome). Using such models, only ordinary calculations and adjustmentsare required to determine an appropriate concentration and dose toadminister a therapeutically effective amount of the treatments forlong-QT syndrome (for example, amounts that are effective to alleviateone or more symptoms of long-QT syndrome).

Treatment of Long-QT Syndrome

Disclosed herein include methods of treating a subject that has or mayhave long QT syndrome comprising administering a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 or ahomolog thereof to the subject. The subject may be treatedtherapeutically or prophylactically.

The administration of pharmaceutical compositions for treatment oflong-QT syndrome can be for either prophylactic or therapeutic purposes.When provided prophylactically, the pharmaceutical composition isprovided in advance of any clinical symptom of long-QT syndrome.Prophylactic administration serves to prevent or ameliorate anysubsequent disease process. When provided therapeutically, the compoundsare provided in response to symptoms of the disease. For prophylacticand therapeutic purposes, the pharmaceutical compositions describedherein can be administered to the subject in a single bolus delivery,via continuous delivery (for example, continuous transdermal, mucosal orintravenous delivery) over an extended time period, or in a repeatedadministration protocol (for example, by an hourly, daily or weekly,repeated administration protocol) or as repeated doses within aprolonged prophylaxis or treatment regimen that will yield clinicallysignificant results to alleviate one or more symptoms or detectableconditions associated with long-QT syndrome in the subject.

A subject can be any multi-cellular vertebrate organism, a category thatincludes human and non-human mammals, such as mice. In some examples asubject is a male. In some examples a subject is a female. Further typesof subjects to which the pharmaceutical composition may be properlyadministered include subjects known to have long-QT syndrome (through,for example, a molecular diagnostic test or clinical diagnosis,)subjects having a predisposition to long-QT syndrome or subjectsdisplaying one or more symptoms of long-QT syndrome.

Administration of the pharmaceutical composition can be by any method ofproviding or giving a subject a pharmaceutical composition, by anyeffective route. Exemplary routes of administration include, but are notlimited to, injection (such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal,intraperitoneal, and intravenous), oral, sublingual, rectal,transdermal, intranasal, vaginal and inhalation routes.

Treating a subject encompasses any therapeutic intervention that canameliorate a sign or symptom of a disease or pathological conditionafter it has begun to develop, whether or not the subject has developedsymptoms of the disease. Ameliorating, with reference to a disease,pathological condition or symptom refers to any observable beneficialeffect of the treatment. The beneficial effect can be evidenced, forexample, by a delayed onset of clinical symptoms of the disease in asusceptible subject, a reduction in severity of some or all clinicalsymptoms of the disease, a slower progression of the disease, areduction in the number of relapses of the disease, an improvement inthe memory and/or cognitive function of the subject, a qualitativeimprovement in symptoms observed by a clinician or reported by apatient, or by other parameters well known in the art that are specificto long-QT syndrome.

A symptom may be any subjective evidence of disease or of a subject'scondition, for example, such evidence as perceived by the subject; anoticeable change in a subject's condition indicative of some bodily ormental state. A sign may be any abnormality indicative of disease,discoverable on examination or assessment of a subject. A sign isgenerally an objective indication of disease.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are illustrative of disclosed methods. In lightof this disclosure, those of skill in the art will recognize thatvariations of these examples and other examples of the disclosed methodwould be possible without undue experimentation.

Example 1 Inhibition of Intronic Polyadenylation with AntisenseMorpholino Oligonucleotides

Inhibition of cis acting elements in intron 9 of human KCNH2 usingantisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) results in the furtherinhibition of Kv11.1a-USO expression, allowing the transcript to beprocessed to the functional Kv11.1a isoform. Surprisingly, expression ofthe functional Kv11.1a isoform is upregulated by this antisenseoligonucleotide inhibition of KCNH2 intronic polyadenylation.

Generation of a Minigene Luciferase Reporter Construct

A minigene luciferase reporter construct was generated by subcloning theRenilla luciferase gene downstream of a splicing competent KCNH2minigene comprising KCNH2 genomic DNA from exon 8 to exon 11. Theconstruction of the KCNH2 minigene has been previously described in GongQ et al, J Mol Cell Cardiol 44, 502-509 (2008) which is incorporated byreference herein. The N-terminus of the minigene was Myc tagged. The Myctag was inserted in-frame with the KCNH2 and luciferase translationsequence. Expression of the minigene luciferase reporter is driven by aCMV promoter. The vector also contains the firefly luciferase genedriven by the SV40 promoter, which was used as a control fortransfection efficiency. The deletion and mutations of U/GU-richelements downstream of the KCNH2 intron 9 poly(A) signal were performedusing the pAlter® in vitro mutagenesis system (Promega, Madison, Wis.).HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with the minigene luciferasereporter construct using the Effectene® method (Qiagen, Valencia,Calif). After 24 hours, cells were harvested and assayed for bothfirefly and Renilla luciferase activity using the Dual-Luciferase assaykit (Promega). Data were analyzed by normalizing Renilla luciferaseactivity to firefly luciferase activity and presented as mean±SEM.

Generation of a Short KCNH2 Gene and Stable Transfection in Flp-InHEK293 Cells

The generation of a short KCNH2 gene construct, in which the two longestintrons, intron 2 (14.9 kb) and intron 5 (4.4 kb), were shortened to 600by has been previously described (Gong Q et al, Circ Cardiovasc Genet 7,482-490 (2014); incorporated by reference herein). Mutations wereintroduced into the short KCNH2 gene by the pAlter® in vitro mutagenesissystem. Stably transfected Flp-In HEK293 cells were generated by theco-transfection of the KCNH2 gene constructs (0.1 μg) with the Flprecombinase expression vector pOG44 (0.9 μg) using the Effectene® methodand selected with 100 μ/ml hygromycin.

Generation of a Tandem KCNH2 Poly(A) Signal Construct

The generation of a tandem poly(A) signal construct was previouslydescribed in Gong Q et al, J Biol Chem 285, 32233-32241 (2010); whichincorporated by reference herein. The construct contained the SV40promoter, the firefly luciferase gene, and 308 by of KCNH2 intron 9followed by a synthetic poly(A) signal. HEK293 cells were transientlytransfected with the tandem poly(A) construct as described in Gong et al2010 supra.

Antisense Morpholino Oligonucleotide Generation and Use

Morpholino oligonucleotides were synthesized by Gene Tools (Philomath,Oreg). The KCNH2 antisense morpholino oligonucleotide was designed totarget a 25 nt sequence within KCNH2 intron 9 containing U/GU-richelements (underlined) essential for the activation of the intron 9poly(A) signal, 5′-CAGAACACAGTAGTGAATCAAAACC-3′. An inverted morpholinooligonucleotide with the same sequence but in a reverse orientation wasused as a control 5′-CCAAAACTAAGTGATGACACAAGAC-3′. The Endo-Porter®delivery system (Gene Tools) was used to deliver antisense and controlmorpholino oligonucleotides into the cells.

RNAse Protection Assay

RNA isolation and an RNase protection assay (RPA) were performed aspreviously described in Gong et al, 2006 supra. Briefly, antisense RNAriboprobes were transcribed in vitro in the presence of biotin-14-CTP.Yeast RNA was used as a control for the complete digestion of the probesby RNase. The relative intensity of each band was quantified usingImageJ® software and adjusted for the number of biotin-labeled cytidinesin each protected fragment. The expression level of the hygromycin Bresistance gene from the KCNH2 gene constructs was used to normalize therelative expression of Kv11.1 isoforms.

Immunoblot Analysis

Immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described in Gong et al,2014 supra. The cell lysates were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis and then electrophoretically transferred ontonitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were incubated with ananti-Kv11.1 antibody against the N-terminus of Kv11.1a and Kv11.1a-USOproteins (H-175, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Calif.) at a 1:600 dilution andvisualized with the ECL detection kit (Amersham, Piscataway, N.J). Theexpression level of hygromycin B phosphotransferase (HPH) encoded byhygromycin B resistance gene was used as loading control (Gong et al2010 supra).

Patch-Clamp Recordings

Membrane currents were recorded in whole cell configuration usingsuction pipettes as previously described in Zhou et al, 1998 supra. Thebath solution contained 137 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂,10 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4 with NaOH). The pipette solutioncontained 130 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 5 M EGTA, 5 mM MgATP, and 10 mM HEPES(pH 7.2 with KOH). All patch-clamp experiments were performed at 22-23°C. Kv11.1 current was activated by depolarizing steps between −70 and+50 mV from a holding potential of-80 mV and Kv11.1 tail current wasrecorded following repolarization to −50 mV. The patch-clamp data arepresented as mean±SEM and analyzed by Student's t-test. P<0.05 isconsidered statistically significant.

Intron 9 Poly(A) Signal Downstream Elements are Required for Kv11.1Alternative Polyadenylation

Polyadenylation sites are primarily defined by a hexameric poly(A)signal AAUAAA or other close variants (Tian B and Manley J L, TrendsBiochem Sci 38, 312-320 (2013); incorporated by reference herein). Inaddition to the poly(A) signal, a cis-acting, U/GU-rich downstreamelement (DSE) is also required for the formation of the poly(A) tail. Wehave reported that alternative polyadenylation within KCNH2 intron 9 isdirected by a noncanonical poly(A) signal AGUAAA (Gong et al 2010supra). A reporter construct was designed to identify cis-actingelements required for intron 9 polyadenylation by subcloning the Renillaluciferase gene downstream of a splicing competent minigene composed ofKCNH2 genomic DNA from exon 8 to exon 11. In this reporter construct,the removal of intron 9 generated active luciferase and polyadenylationof intron 9 resulted in no luciferase activity (FIG. 1A). When 107nucleotides downstream of the poly(A) signal in the minigene luciferasereporter construct were deleted, the deletion significantly increasedthe luciferase activity (FIG. 1B, d-DS). This indicates that thedownstream region contains elements that are required forpolyadenylation. Analysis of the intron 9 sequence revealed severalputative U/GU-rich elements referred to herein as DSE-1, DSE-2 and DSE-3(FIG. 1A). DSE-1 was mutated from GUUUUG to CCACAA (Mut1), DSE-2 fromUGUGUU to CAACCA (Mut2) and DSE-3 from UCUUU to CCAAC (Mut3) in theminigene luciferase reporter construct. Mut1 and Mut2, but not Mut3,resulted in higher luciferase expression relative to unmutated (FIG.1B).When both DSE-1 and DSE-2 were mutated (Mut1+2), luciferaseexpression was higher when compared to Mut1 and Mut2 alone. When bothDSE-2 and DSE-3 were mutated (Mut2+3), the luciferase activity wasincreased, but similar to Mut2 alone. As a result, DSE-1 and DSE-2 areimportant in KCNH2 intron 9 polyadenylation.

Regulation of Kv11.1 Isoform Expression by Intron 9 Poly(A) SignalDownstream Elements

To test the effects of the downstream elements in the regulation ofKv11.1 isoform expression, we introduced the DSE-1 and DES-2 mutationsinto the short KCNH2 gene construct (FIG. 2A). Wild-type (WT) and mutantshort gene constructs were stably transfected into Flp-In HEK293 cells.The Mut1 and Mut2 mutations increased Kv11.1a expression and decreasedKv11.1a-USO expression in RPA and immunoblot analyses (FIGS. 2B and2C).When both DSE-1 and DSE-2 were mutated (Mut1+2) Kv11.1a waspredominantly expressed.

Patch-clamp studies showed that Kv11.1 channel current was significantlyincreased in Mut1+2 (FIG. 2D). The maximum tail current densities of WTand Mut1+2 were 7.0±0.6 pA/pF (n=9) and 17.8±1.7 pA/pF (n=10, P<0.001),respectively. These results suggest that DSE-1 and DSE-2 are importantdownstream elements of the intron 9 poly(A) signal, and that disruptionof these elements leads to a shift in KCNH2 pre-mRNA processing towardthe production of the Kv11.1a isoform and an increase in Kv11.1 channelfunction.

Antisense Morpholino Oligonucleotide Inhibition of the KCNH2 Intron 9Polyadenylation

Because DSE-1 and DSE-2 are important for KCNH2 intron 9polyadenylation, it was hypothesized that blocking these elements usingan antisense oligonucleotide would inhibit KCNH2 intron 9polyadenylation and lead to the upregulation of the functional Kv11.1aisoform. A 25-mer antisense morpholino oligonucleotide complementary toa sequence comprising the KCNH2 intron 9 downstream elements DSE-1 andDSE-2 (FIG. 3A) was generated. To determine whether the antisensemorpholino oligonucleotide could inhibit the poly(A) signal in intron 9,a competition assay using a tandem poly(A) signal construct wasperformed as described in Gong et al 2010 supra. The KCNH2 intron 9poly(A) signal AGUAAA and flanking sequences (−130/+172 nt) werepositioned upstream of a relatively strong synthetic poly(A) signal(FIG. 3A). Cells expressing the tandem poly(A) construct were treatedthe with 5 μM negative control or antisense morpholino oligonucleotideof SEQ ID NO: 5. Then an RNAse protection assay was performed using aprobe specific to 249 nt of KCNH2 intron 9 (Gong, 2010 supra). Use ofthe probe results in termination of transcription after generation of a158 nt fragment, indicating polyadenylation at the intron 9 poly(A)signal and termination of transcription after generation of a 249 ntfragment indicating polyadenylation at the downstream synthetic poly(A)signal.

In the presence of the negative control morpholino oligonucleotide ofSEQ ID NO: 6, transcription terminated predominantly at the KCNH2 intron9 poly(A) signal (FIG. 3B). In the presence of the antisense morpholinooligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 the transcription was predominantlyterminated predominantly at the synthetic poly(A) signal. Treatment withthe morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 resulted in a 41% usageof the intron 9 poly(A) site relative to 83% usage of the intron 9poly(A) site in controls (n=3, FIG. 3C). These results show thattreatment with the morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 inhibitsthe poly(A) signal in KCNH2 intron 9.

Modulation of Kv11.1 Isoform Expression by the Antisense MorpholinoOligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1

Flp-In HEK293 stably expressing a short KCNH2 gene were treated with theantisense morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1. RNAse protectionassays showed that treatment with 5 μM of the antisense morpholinooligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 for 48 h resulted in greater expressionof the Kv11.1a transcript and less expression of the Kv11.1a-USOtranscript than the negative control morpholino oligonucleotide (FIG.4A).

The effects of the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1on Kv11.1 protein expression was analyzed by immunoblot. Flp-In HEK293cells stably expressing the short KCNH2 gene were treated with theindicated concentrations of the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide ofSEQ ID NO: 5 for 48 hours or with 5 μM for the indicated amount of time(FIGS. 4B and 4C). Treatment with the antisense morpholinooligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 resulted in significantly higherexpression of Kv11.1a protein and lower expression of Kv11.1a-USOprotein relative to controls.

Treatment with the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide exhibitedconcentration and time dependence. The expression of Kv11.1a protein washigher than the control at a concentration of morpholino oligonucleotideSEQ ID NO: 5 as low as 2 μM with maximal expression at 10 μM (FIG. 4B).The increase in Kv11.1a protein level in cells treated with themorpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 relative to controls wasobserved by 24 hours and reached a maximum by 72 h following antisenseMO treatment (FIG. 4C).

Treatment with the Antisense Morpholino Oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1Resulted in Higher Kv11.1 Channel Current Relative to Controls

Patch-clamp recordings of Kv11.1 channel current in cells treated withthe antisense morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 were performed.Cells stably expressing the short KCNH2 gene were treated with 10 μMantisense or a negative control morpholino oligonucleotide for 48 hours.Treatment with the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5significantly increased Kv11.1 channel current compared to the negativecontrol (FIG. 5A). The maximum tail current density in cells treatedwith the negative control was 7.6±1.0 pA/pF (n =8). The maximum tailcurrent density in cells treated with the antisense morpholinooligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 was 16.8±2.1 pA/pF (n=9, P<0.001, FIG.5B).

The voltage dependence of Kv11.1 channel activation was determined byfitting the normalized tail currents with a Boltzmann function (FIG.5C). The half maximal activation voltages (V_(1/12)) in cells treatedwith the negative control was −4.2±2.9 mV. The half maximal activationvoltage in cells treated with antisense morpholino oligonucleotide ofSEQ ID NO: 5 was −5.6±2.0 mV. The slope factor (k) in cells treated withthe negative control (SEQ ID NO: 6) was 8.7±0.2. The slope factor incells treated with antisense morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5was 7.9±0.3. These patch-clamp experiments demonstrated that inhibitionof polyadenylation of intron 9 using antisense morpholinooligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 results in higher Kv11.1 channelcurrent.

Effect of Antisense MO on Kv11.1 Isoform Expression in Canonical Poly(A)Signal Construct

It has been previously shown that the poly(A) signal in KCNH2 intron 9is intrinsically weak due to the presence of the noncanonical hexamerAGUAAA. When the intron 9 poly(A) signal AGUAAA was changed to thecanonical poly(A) signal AAUAAA, the Kv11.1a-USO isoform waspredominantly expressed (Gong et al, 2010 supra). To test whether theantisense morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 can mediate theswitch of the expression from Kv11.1a-USO to the Kv11.1a isoform in thepresence of a strong poly(A) signal, HEK293 cells stably expressing theshort KCNH2 gene construct containing a canonical poly(A) signal weretreated with negative control (SEQ ID NO: 6) or antisense morpholinooligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5. RNAse protection assay (FIG. 6A), showsthat in the presence of the negative control, Kv11.1a-USO waspredominantly expressed with no detectable expression of Kv11.1a mRNA.When treated with 10 μM antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5, theexpression of the Kv11.1a isoform was significantly higher.

Immunoblot analysis revealed that the expression of Kv11.1a proteincorrelated with treatment with higher concentrations of antisensemorpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 (FIG. 6B). Patch clampstudies showed that treatment with 10 μM antisense morpholinooligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 resulted in significantly higher Kv11.1current than the negative control (FIG. 6C). The maximum tail currentdensities in cells treated with the negative control (SEQ ID NO: 6) was1.3±0.3 pA/pF (n=8). The maximum tail current densities in cells treatedwith the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 5 was and11.5 ±1.4 pA/pF (n=9, P<0.001). This indicates that the antisensemorpholino oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 can cause a Kv11.1 isoformswitch in the presence of a strong intron 9 poly(A) signal.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An isolated oligonucleotide comprising SEQID NO: 4 that inhibits the formation of a poly(A) signal in intron 9 ofKCNH2, wherein the oligonucleotide is no more than 30 nucleotides inlength and wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a modified nucleotide,a locked nucleotide, a G-clamp nucleotide, a nucleotide base analog, a3′-terminal cap moiety, or a phosphate backbone modification.
 2. Theoligonucleotide of claim 1 comprising SEQ ID NO:
 5. 3. Theoligonucleotide of claim 2 consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 5. 4.The oligonucleotide of claim 1 comprising a morpholino nucleotide. 5.The oligonucleotide of claim 4 wherein all of the nucleic acids in theoligonucleotide are morpholino nucleotides.
 6. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an effective amount of the oligonucleotide ofclaim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 7. A method oftreating long-QT syndrome caused by mutations in the KCNH2 gene, themethod comprising: administering to the subject the pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 6, thereby treating the long-QT syndrome.